Construction of administrative buildings
Construction of administrative buildings
The administrative building is one of the buildings that indicates the progress of society. The administrative building is an indivisible unit of society, as the styles of the administrative building are inseparable from the prevailing architectural styles in society. The administrative building can be composed of one, two, or more floors.
The location of administrative buildings depends on the purpose and type for which this building will be used. There are several types of administrative buildings, including private buildings for offices of lawyers, engineers, architects, etc. This type of office must be located on a main artery of transportation, and there is no objection to it being somewhat far from the city center. The second type of office is the public services offices, which occupy the center of the city due to their great importance and which must be located on a main artery of movement. These buildings must also be close to parking areas, whether on the ground or in multi-storey buildings, in order to reduce the amount of land used, which is very expensive in these locations. The administrative buildings also include offices for travel and transportation services.
The types of offices that should be close to the city center include:
Construction of administrative buildings
Construction of administrative buildings
Offices of companies, government agencies, banks, and stock exchange buildings, as well as offices of agencies, brokers, and judicial services offices. The last type of offices is: factory management offices. These offices must be located near the factories that are located on the outskirts of the cities, but they must be located on a main transportation artery until... It can be reached by the easiest way, in addition to being connected to the city center.
Construction of administrative buildings
When designing administrative buildings, one must rely on a model in the horizontal plan and in the facades and sectors, whether the building is made of brick, iron, aluminum, glass, or reinforced concrete. The model is chosen that gives the best solution for the building on which the interior design is based. This model depends on the area of the room, which can be determined by the number of people working in it, as well as the type of work they do. The dimensions are also drawn so that it is possible to rely on natural lighting in lighting the offices to To a large extent, it is possible to determine the appropriate surfaces for each purpose for which it is placed. Administrative buildings and the administrative building must meet some conditions when designing them, such as:
1- The number of tools that make up the building.
2- Accordingly, the type of horizontal projection (open, closed) is determined according to the nature of the building.
3- The number of employees in the various departments in the building.
4- The number of public users of the building.
5- Taking into account the presence of commercial stores in the building, whether separate or group centers.
6- There is a private garage in the building so that it can be used by those who frequent the building.
7- The building’s technical equipment and how to manage and maintain it.
8- The presence of a battery for the movement suitable for the human energy used for the building.
9- Various services in the building (toilets, office).
10- Taking into account safety in the building by having escape stairs for use in times of danger.
Functional elements in the administrative building:
1- Administrative offices: Administrative offices are divided into two types according to their horizontal location.
A- Closed horizontal projection. B- Open horizontal projection.
2- Movement battery: It consists of the main stairs of the building.
• Escape stairs.
• Electric elevators (more than 16 meters high).
• Horizontal roads.
3- Services: including bathrooms, offices, etc.
4- Technical equipment: control, air conditioning, maintenance rooms, elevators, and control rooms
Means of communication inside and outside the building - water, electricity and sewage connections in the building.
5- Commercial stores: They may be in separate form or grouped in the form of commercial centers, but some of them have their own design.
6- The building’s garage: It may be at street level, or at the top or bottom of one or several floors.
7- Reception: It is located at the entrance to the main building and has a relatively large area.
Functional activity in administrative offices:
Construction of administrative buildings
Construction of administrative buildings
1- Static works.
A - Office work: moving papers - the presence of a secretariat - the presence of registration offices.
B - Inquiries: records hall - activity data.
2- Animated works.
A- Continuing work within the company, factory, or some light industrial work.
B- The training process.
C- The inspection and regulation process.
Administrative buildings are divided according to use into:
Open sites - closed sites
Closed location:
In the suspended horizontal projection, there are complete walls or partitions that divide the spaces inside the building or offices.
Its features:
1- The tight environment.
2- Security and confidentiality.
3- Visual comfort (sight isolation).
4- Natural breaks.
5- Functional and traditional furniture system.
Disadvantages:
1- Lack of efficiency and effectiveness compared to the open horizontal project.
2- Lack of flexibility.
3- The cost of restoring the site.
4- Restricting personal identification and not exchanging interaction.
5- Vision.
6- The breadth of the required mechanical system.
Open horizontal projection:
The elements are distributed within a single space, and the service elements are collected in certain centers in the space. The space can be divided into areas, each area being an open area, and the division is usually made of glass.
Its features:
1- The effectiveness and efficiency of the space being used.
2- The horizontal projection has high flexibility.
3- Vision.
4- Ease of communication with colleagues in the office (interaction).
Disadvantages:
1- High initial cost.
2- Isolation (comfort) of sight.
3- Lack of possible (controlled) environment.
4- Mechanical equipment: It is not known where the electrical outlets are placed, and they are usually placed in the ground or ceilings, or with a moving plug, as well as telephone wires.
5- The floor is made of thick concrete slab and can withstand the forces on it. Or an iron floor or a network of beams. These methods give structural flexibility to use functional elements in the space
And the flexibility of partitioning and moving the partitions and the flexibility of the facade so that the partitions do not conflict with the windows, so the grid is used, which is using a specific model to place the windows or creating an all-glass facade or light partitions.
Office rooms:
The greatest depth of the office from the window must not exceed 6 metres, and in special cases it may reach 7.5 metres, and the office area ranges between 24 and 40 square metres. As for the directors’ rooms, they can be wider than that as they would like a place for small meetings, and they are also attached to A secretarial room whose area ranges between 8 and 20 square meters. As for the open halls, their surface depends on the work being done in them and the way the offices are placed, taking into account that the width of the corridors between the offices ranges from 1.90 to 3.70 meters.
The following shows some of the sizes that must be taken into account in the design:
Location Normal Dimension Maximum Dimension
Room depth 3.75 – 7.50 9.25 metres
Middle net 1.00 – 3.25 6.00 metres
Single aisle width 1.50 – 2.00 2.50 metres
The width of the double corridor is 1.75 - 2.50 m x 3.25 m
Room height 2.50 - 4.00 m 5.00
Archive rooms:
It should be noted that the archive rooms are close to the staff room, and their area depends on the size of the archives to be stored in them, as well as the number of employees in them. It may be the same height as the office room, or it may be lower.
Drawing room :
The preferred lighting in drawing rooms should come from the north or northwest, preferably overhead, in order to obtain appropriate lighting without causing reflections.
Communication elements in administrative buildings:
The design of communication elements depends on two very important factors:
First: The number of people using this building
Second: The number of floors of this building
According to these two factors, the number of communication elements and their locations can be determined, and the width of the corridors that lead to the different communication elements can be determined.
The communication elements are divided into the following:
A- Stairs:
Stairs and their number are determined based on the number of people using the building. In tall buildings, stairs and elevators must be grouped in one place by placing them in one communication battery, as this grouping reduces the chances of fires spreading and also helps facilitate the construction process.
Elevators in administrative buildings:
It is preferable that they be collected, that they be close to the entrance, and that they can be seen easily. As for the elevator wall, it must not be shared with any adjacent room so that the noise does not reach it. The necessary precautions must also be taken to prevent the noise caused by the mechanical equipment of the elevators from reaching any room. Using insulating walls, they must be illuminated day and night with artificial lighting. The wall surrounding the elevator must be fire-resistant, as should the elevator entrance. It is preferable for natural light and ventilation to reach the elevator machinery room.
Escalators in administrative buildings:
They are used in places with a lot of traffic, and escalators are used if the main hall is at a different level from the road in administrative buildings:
Normal speed of the escalator = 27: 30 meters per minute.
Incline angle = 30: 35 degrees.
Width = from 60: 90: 120 cm.
Roads in administrative buildings (traffic corridors):
Construction of administrative buildings
Construction of administrative buildings
The main road in the building must not be less than 1.50 meters wide. Natural lighting and ventilation for the corridors are not necessary, and artificial means can be relied upon in administrative buildings, which are often located on the outskirts of cities where the price of land is cheap, and it is preferable to rely on corridors surrounding the offices on one side. Or at least there are windows at the end if it is surrounded by offices on both sides.
It is also possible to reduce the corridors below the height of the rooms by using the height difference by covering it with a false ceiling to run the air conditioning ducts necessary to ventilate the rooms adjacent to the corridors.
Escape stairs in administrative buildings:
Escape stairs are of great importance in administrative buildings, especially those whose height is more than 40 floors. A building containing 200 people needs an escape ladder 100 cm wide. However, if the building contains more than 200 people, it needs a ladder 125 cm wide. All doors must open towards the escape ladder, and the escape ladder must be made of materials that are not affected by fire. It is preferable that the escape ladder lead from the ground floor directly to the external road, and the door of the stairway must open to the external road.
Usage elements and services in administrative buildings:
Entrance:
The entrance depends on the use of the ground floor, whether it is offices or shops, and if the entire building is for one institution or company, the main entrance must be from the most important road. In the event that the building has facades on more than one road, and the main entrance leads to empty stairs and elevators, it is preferable for the building to have one main entrance that leads to the various communication elements, but in some cases when the building area is large, it is possible to have other entrances that lead to Vertical elements. It is worth noting that the fewer the entrances, the more cost-effective. A reduction in the number of vertical means of communication, in addition to some type of control in the building.
The main entrance must not be less than three meters wide, and in tall buildings it must be more than 3.6 metres. It should be noted that the stairs and elevators must be clear when entering the building.
Fire resistance in administrative buildings:
Administrative buildings must have means of fire resistance, and fire resistance occurs in several ways, the most important of which are the following:
Pipes filled with water: They pass over the false ceiling and have openings closed with wax, so that the wax melts and the water flows at a certain temperature. It is preferable to have bells on each floor that ring when a fire occurs. Gas can also be used instead of water to extinguish the fire.
Trash room:
It is necessary to have trash rooms on each floor, and these rooms must be close to bathrooms.
Office for service:
It is also necessary to have a service office on each floor, preferably in direct contact with the kitchen.
Servants room:
It is also necessary to have a room for servants and guards in administrative buildings.
Warehouses:
It is also necessary to have storage places in administrative buildings.
Trends in architectural solutions for administrative buildings
First: the horizontal solution:
It is considered an appropriate solution in remote suburbs where the price of land is cheap, as this solution allows the maximum possible flexibility for horizontal expansion. In this case, the design is based on assembling blocks that take a single design characteristic and are grouped according to the relationships between them. The most important characteristic of this design is that it does not rise from the ground by more than two or three floors. This gives flexibility in the design and facilitates the processes of natural lighting and ventilation. This is because the design In this case, it depends on assembling some blocks, and each block often has an internal bathtub inside it to increase the exterior surface of the building. In this case, aesthetic factors can be added to the general site, green spaces, and artificial lakes, which adds joy and beauty to the site.
Second: The vertical solution:
It is considered an appropriate solution in city centers, where land prices are high and space is limited. However, this design has its drawbacks, which lie in the problems of natural lighting, good ventilation, mechanical elements related to the vertical connection in the building, etc.
The vertical solution requires efficiency in the design process because of the many problems that require solutions.